在科技写作中有一种说法是为了体现科学的客观性,要用被动语态,不能用第一人称(we, I)做主语的语句。今天我们就来讨论语态的问题。
虽然说科学研究要强调客观性,但是一项研究的设计,假说的提出,实验的操作,以及对实验结果的解读还是由文章的作者完成的,而且对文章的署名也表示作者对文章内容的真实性负责。一篇论文从研究到写作总是带有一定的主观性,不会因为使用了被动语态就不存在主观性。因此现在很多期刊其实鼓励使用主动语态,包括以第一人称做主语的语句。比如《自然》杂志就提到:
Nature journals prefer authors to write in the active voice (we performed the experiment...) as experience has shown that readers find concepts and results to be conveyed more clearly if written directly.
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其实主动语态并不一定是以第一人称做主语的语句。
例如:ATP is produced in the mitochondria.
Mitochondria produce ATP.
例如:After washing three times with PBS, the sections were incubated with biotinylated secondary antibodies.
这里“washing three times with PBS”就是悬垂修饰语,它的主语应该是没有写出来的“we”,但是现在这样的写法它的主语错误地成为“the sections”。这句话可以改成:
After the sections were washed three times with PBS, they were incubated with biotinylated secondary antibodies.
《科学》杂志也就这个问题指出应该适当使用主动语态:
Use active voice when suitable, particularly when necessary for correct syntax (e.g., To address this possibility, we constructed a λZap library . . ., not To address this possibility, a λZap library was constructed . . .).
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总体而言我们提倡用主动语态,但是有些情况下还是需要用被动语态的。比如我们前面提到的例句,根据上下文的需要我们可能会有不同的选择。
如上文讲过了ATP,现在我们想转而介绍线粒体,我们可以说:
ATP is produced in the mitochondria, a type of double membraned organelles.
如上文介绍了线粒体,现在我们想把话题转到ATP,我们可以说:
Mitochondria produce ATP,the energy needed for cellular functions.