2017年,刊登在Nature Methods的Unexpected mutations after CRISPR-Cas9 editing in vivo的通讯文章,报道了CRISPR-Cas9编辑小鼠基因组中超过1500个单核苷酸突变及上百个大片段缺失、插入位点,认为CRISPR-Cas9基因组编辑技术可以诱导产生大量脱靶变异 [5]。 该研究结果的发布,即刻引发了学界及公众对CRISPR-Cas9基因组编辑技术在基础研究中可靠性、实践应用中安全性的激烈讨论及广泛关注。
针对植物基因组编辑基础研究及应用实践中如何有效进行CRISPR-Cas核酸酶脱靶效应评价的科学问题,在充分借鉴前期相关工作实验设计、实施策略、研究结果的基础上,电子科技大学张勇实验室、扬州大学张韬实验室及马里兰大学YiPing Qi实验室,以水稻为模型,基于全基因组测序+大数据分析策略,针对CRISPR-Cas9、CRISPR-Cpf1(Cas12a)介导的植物基因组编辑脱靶效应进行有效解读,于2018年7月4日在Genome Biology在线发表题为A large-scale whole-genome sequencing analysis reveals highly specific genome editing by both Cas9 and Cpf1 (Cas12a) nucleases in rice的研究论文,这个工作有以下值得借鉴的地方:
1. Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. A programmable dual-rna-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science. 2012;337:816-21.
2. Cong L, Ran FA, Cox D, Lin S, Barretto R, Habib N, et al. Multiplex genome engineering using crispr/cas systems. Science. 2013;339:819-23.
3. Mali P, Yang L, Esvelt KM, Aach J, Guell M, Dicarlo JE, et al. Rna-guided human genome engineering via cas9. Science. 2013.
4. Zetsche B, Gootenberg JS, Abudayyeh OO, Slaymaker IM, Makarova KS, Essletzbichler P, et al. Cpf1 is a single rna-guided endonuclease of a class 2 crispr-cas system. Cell. 2015.
5. Schaefer KA, Wu WH, Colgan DF, Tsang SH, Bassuk AG, Mahajan VB. Unexpected mutations after crispr-cas9 editing in vivo. Nat Methods. 2017;14:547-8.
6. Editorial. Crispr off-targets: A reassessment. Nature Methods. 2018;15:229-30.
7. Anderson KR, Haeussler M, Watanabe C, Janakiraman V, Lund J, Modrusan Z, et al. Crispr off-target analysis in genetically engineered rats and mice. Nat Methods. 2018.
8. Zhang Q, Xing HL, Wang ZP, Zhang HY, Yang F, Wang XC, et al. Potential high-frequency off-target mutagenesis induced by crispr/cas9 in arabidopsis and its prevention. Plant Mol Biol. 2018;96:445-56.
9. Tang X, Lowder LG, Zhang T, Malzahn AA, Zheng X, Voytas DF, et al. A crispr–cpf1 system for efficient genome editing and transcriptional repression in plants. Nature Plants. 2017;3:17018.
10. Tang X, Zheng X, Qi Y, Zhang D, Cheng Y, Tang A, et al. A single transcript crispr-cas9 system for efficient genome editing in plants. Mol Plant. 2016;9:1088–91.
11. Feng Z, Mao Y, Xu N, Zhang B, Wei P, Yang DL, et al. Multigeneration analysis reveals the inheritance, specificity, and patterns of crispr/cas-induced gene modifications in arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014.
12. Nekrasov V, Wang C, Win J, Lanz C, Weigel D, Kamoun S. Rapid generation of a transgene-free powdery mildew resistant tomato by genome deletion. Sci Rep. 2017;7:482.
摘要:
Background
Targeting specificity has been a barrier to applying genome editing systems in functional genomics, precise medicine and plant breeding. In plants, only limited studies have used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to test off-target effects of Cas9. The cause of numerous discovered mutations is still controversial. Furthermore, WGS-based off-target analysis of Cpf1 (Cas12a) has not been reported in any higher organism to date.
Results
We conduct a WGS analysis of 34 plants edited by Cas9 and 15 plants edited by Cpf1 in T0 and T1 generations along with 20 diverse control plants in rice. The sequencing depths range from 45× to 105× with read mapping rates above 96%. Our results clearly show that most mutations in edited plants are created by the tissue culture process, which causes approximately 102 to 148 single nucleotide variations (SNVs) and approximately 32 to 83 insertions/deletions (indels) per plant. Among 12 Cas9 single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) and three Cpf1 CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) assessed by WGS, only one Cas9 sgRNA resulted in off-target mutations in T0 lines at sites predicted by computer programs. Moreover, we cannot find evidence for bona fide off-target mutations due to continued expression of Cas9 or Cpf1 with guide RNAs in T1 generation.
Conclusions
Our comprehensive and rigorous analysis of WGS data across multiple sample types suggests both Cas9 and Cpf1 nucleases are very specific in generating targeted DNA modifications and off-targeting can be avoided by designing guide RNAs with high specificity.