第一组: (1)Oral immunization of mice with at tenuated Salmonnella typhi murium expressing Helicobacterpylori urease B subunit
(2)Multivariate analysis by Cox Proportional Hazards Model on prognoses of patients with bile duct carcinoma after resection
第二组: (1)Establishment, safety and efficiency of attenuated Salmonnella typhi murium expressing Helicobacterpylori urease B subunit as an oral vaccine in mice
(2)Influence of various clinicopathologic factors on the survival of patients with bile duct carcinoma after curative resection: a multivariate analysis
(1) 如果研究中既有自变量X(independent variables)-即实验中加以选择控制的因素,如第二组文题②的“clinicopathologic factors”;也有因变量(Y)-相当于检测指标,如②文题中的“the survival of patients”;标准的文题格式为“Effect of X on Y in Z(Z为研究对象)”。例如:在文题“Effect of β- endorphin on breathing movements in fetal sheep”中,“β- endorphin”为自变量X,“breathing movements”为因变量Y,“fetal sheep”为研究对象Z.
(2) 在某些研究中,只有因变量Y,可以写成Y in Z.例如文题①中,“)Establishment, safety and efficiency”为因变量,研究对象变为the attenuated Salmonnella typhi murium expressing Helicobacterpylori urease B subunit as an oral vaccine in micet”。再如“Blood supply of the caudal mediastinal lymph node in sheep”为因变量,“the caudal mediastinal lymph node in sheep”为研究对象。
(3)在方法学的研究中,应当先叙述所用的方法,然后阐明该方法的目的,如“Detection of specific antibodies in saliva for non-invasive immunodiagnosis of Schistosomiasis japonica in rabbits”
(3) 研究方法随意的原则。事实上,研究方法也是反映研究内容的一个重要方面,但由于文题字数的限制,以及研究方法与其他指标相比重要性略小一些的原因,在文题写作时,研究方法可写可不写,应视情况而定。假如列出的话,也不应当放在开头,而应置于文题中间或末尾(如文题②)。在临床或流行病学研究中,以注明研究方法为佳,如“Immunogenicity and safety of a new inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in young adults: a comparative study ” .
以上所谈到的描述性文题基本上都是短语,而结论性文题则有短语和句子两种形式。一般来讲,它也遵循以上3条共同的原则,只是由于它介绍的是研究的结论,因而这时所提到的“重要内容”与描述性文题有所不同,多是一些表明研究结论的词或词组,如“Inhibitive effects of glucose and free fatty acids on proliferation of human vascular endothelial cells in vitro”,其他常见的起始词还有protection of …, reduced … ,alteration …, increase in …, decline of …等。
以句子作为结论性文题的如:“Zinc is a potent heat shock protein inducer dueing liver cold preservation in rats”。与短语式的文题(A potent heat shock protein induce of Zinc during liver cold preservation in rats)相比,它的语气更强烈,可以给读者留下更加深刻的印象-Zeiger教授认为这是由于动词比名词和形容词更加有表现力的缘故。但不少杂志限制句子文题的使用,可能是因为它有时语气过于强烈会给人比较武断的印象,所以在使用时应当谨慎。
2 如何使文题更加简练?
(1) 删除冗词。冗词的存在与否对文题内容的正确表述不会造成任何影响,因而应当删除,以使文题更加简洁。常见的冗词有Study of …, Experiment of …, Experience of …, Peport of …,in the treatment of …, administration of 等。此外,文题起始处的“the”通常可以省略,而文题中间的“the”则不能被删除。
(2)用名词做定语。该方法适合于定语不是很长的情况,可以减少介词的个数。如,文题“Detection of specific antibodies in saliva for non-invasive immunodiagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica in rabbits”可写为“Detection of specific antibodies in saliva for non-invasive immunodiagnosis of rabbits schistosomiasis japonica”。而文题“Blood supply of the caudal mediastinal lymph node in sheep”则不适合将“sheep”做为“lymph node”的定语。
(3)如果文题中有较多的并列单词或词组,可考虑将它们用一个能描述其共同特性的单词或词组代替。如文题 “Influence of various clinicopathologic factors on the survival of patients with bile duct carcinoma after curative resection: a multivariate analysis ”中,“various clinicopathologic factors”就代表了“Pancreatic invasion, perineural invasion and lymph node metastases”。
最后,通过一些例子帮助大家巩固以上内容的理解: (1) Inhibitive effects of glucose and free fatty acids on proliferation of human vascular endothelialcells in vitro这是一个很标准的结论性文题,其中human可以省略。
(2) Clinical efficacy of albendazole emulsion in treatment of 212 cases of liver cystic hydatidosis属于Effect of Y on X in Z格式。
(3) Effect of delivery mode on the interruption of maternal-infant transmission of hepatitis B virus by immunoprophylaxis在文题中注明研究方法的例子。
(4) Percutaneous estrogen in prevention of early post menopausal bone loss in Chinese women改为Effect and optimal dosage of percutaneous estrogen in prevention of early post menopausal bone loss in Chinese women更准确。
(5) Efficacy and safety of therapeutic angiogenesis from direct myocardial administration of an adadenoviral vector expressing vascular endothelial growth factor 165改为Efficacy and safety of an adadenoviral vector expressing vascular endothelial growth factor 165 on angiogenesis by myocardial injection in swine.“Injection”比“administration”更准确,删除direct并不影响对文题的理解,应当注明实验动物,否则会让人误以为是临床实验。